Maternal medical care and treatment is of primary importance when it comes to conceiving and giving birth to a healthy child. As a result women looking forward to conceiving must take proper care of their own health and must visit a gynecologist from time to time. If a woman is unable to conceive within roughly 12 months then this inability is termed as infertility. There are various modern medical and technological advancements which can cure infertility and other pregnancy related issues. Similarly proper medical care and nursing of newborn infants is of utmost importance, especially at the initial stages. Newborns suffering from severe illnesses are treated at Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU).

There are various neurological and cardiovascular diseases occurring in infants. These diseases result due to several reasons. Hydrocephalus is the condition where fluid accumulates inside the infant’s brain. Periventricular Leukomalacia is a severe condition where the white matter of the brain gets damaged or softened due to premature/difficult birth or infection inside the womb.   The other common neural diseases include asphyxia, seizures, hemorrhage, cerebrovascular malformations, nerve tube defects etc.

Some of the major fetal cardiac diseases include irregular heart rhythms, prenatal heart failure, congenital diseases like hypo plastic left heart syndromes, septal defects etc.

Neonatal endocrinology deals with curing defects in endocrine glands. Such disorders include damage in pituitary glands, thyroid glands, calcium and glucose homeostasis disorder, disorder of sexual differentiation etc. Endocrinology diseases are unique to perinatal period.

Gastroenterological diseases mainly occur due to digestive problems in infants. The major gastroenterological disorders include vomiting, infant regurgitation, abdominal pain, infant rumination syndrome, ulcer-like dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, functional diarrhea etc.

Neonatal psychology deals with infant mental health which includes the mental health of babies of ages ranging between newborn to 3 years of age. It strongly depends upon the relationship between the parent and the child. Infants usually feel more comfortable in presence of their parents rather than any strangers. They want to be close to their parents and become excited on meeting their parents if they are separated for a long time. If a baby does not feel attached to his/her parents, then it might be a serious concern and the parents need to put more efforts in showing affection towards their child.

Pulmonary disorders in infants are very common because just after delivery the newborn faces difficulties in respiring in the external environment. However in cases of severe lung and tracheal disorder the patients must be shifted to intensive care units immediately. The common pulmonary disorders are respiratory distress syndrome, chronic lung disease, transient tachypnea, meconium aspiration syndrome, persistent hypertension etc.

Neonatal otorhinolaryngology deals with the diseases of ear, nose, throat, head and neck in infants. The most common diseases coming under this category are adenoiditis, adenoid hypertrophy, breathing difficulties, hair loss, thyroid, chronic ear problems etc.

Rheumatology in infants includes muscle and joint weakness, juvenile lupus, skin rashes on eyelids and knuckles etc. Rheumatoid arteritis is an immune system problem.

Cancer in infants occurs due to histological diversities. Owing to the different natures of tumours in infants, the diagnosis and treatment varies from person to person. The most common neonatal cancers are teratoma, neuroblastoma, brain tumour, leukemia, renal tumours etc. On the basis of routine ultrasound, prenatal detection is common nowadays.

Pediatric dentistry deals with maintenance of oral health and hygiene in children from infants to adolescence. Routine checkups from dentists are very important at an younger age for maintaining proper dental condition. The general dental issues observed in children include tooth ache, cavities etc. Effective home remedies like brushing, flossing etc. can help in reducing dental issues.

Pediatric ophthalmology deals with curing of eye diseases in children. The common eye disorders observed are amblyopia, conjunctivitis, blocked tear ducts, pediatric glaucoma, pediatric cataracts, orbital tumours, strabismus etc.

Neonatal urology includes genitourinary disorders in infants. These disorders can be detected before birth on the basis of maternal sonography. The most common diseases detected are abdominal masses, urosepsis, urinary retention, scrotal masses, abnormal external genitilia, posterior urethral valves, spina bifida, triad syndrome etc.

Nephrology in infants includes the study of the structure of renal system. The common renal disorders in infants include abnormal kidney morphogenesis, electrolyte imbalance, tubular dysfunctions, cystic kidney diseases, blood pressure and hypertension, renal failure etc.

Jaundice in infants occurs due to high bilirubin levels. The white part of the eyes undergoes an yellowish discolouration. In severe cases complications may arise such as seizures, cerebral palsy, kernicterus etc. it mainly occurs due to liver diseases, break down of RBC’s, hypothyroidism etc.

Autism is a disorder observed in infants and children where they face challenges with social skills, speeches, non-verbal communication, repetitive behaviors etc. This disorder is usually detected in babies of ages 2 or 3 years.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is detected in children before 12 years of age. It is considered as a mental disorder where a child faces difficulty in paying attention or they tend to show controlling behaviors. It can be reduced by counseling and medications.

Respirator allergies and immunologic diseases are observed in neonates, which require proper treatments. The most common chronic allergies in new born babies include asthma, red eyes, eczema, itchiness, runny nose, sinusitis etc. The causative agents include influenza virus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus etc.

Infections may occur in infants due to trans-placental transfer, in birth canal during delivery etc. Some neonatal infections may be observed right after delivery while others are detected after few weeks or one month. Such diseases include HIV, hepatitis B, malaria etc.

Infants who are born ill are often administered to surgical treatments, especially for severe diseases like pulmonary or cardiac disorders. Neonatal surgeries are completed within the first 28 days of birth.

In order to monitor critically ill infants a radiography of the patients are obtained which gives a view of the neonate lungs and to evaluate positions of catheters and tubes.

Proper nutrition at the early stage of life is of immense importance for growth and development of the infant. The basic mode of nutrition for newborns is breast milk.

Breast feeding is the process of feeding milk to infants from a woman’s breast. It is recommended by health professionals that breast-feeding begins within the first hour of the baby’s life and may continue till the baby wants it. Breast-feeding decreases the risks of various diseases like respiratory tract infection, diarrhea, asthma, food allergies, type 1 diabetes, leukemia etc. It also helps lower chances of obesities in childhood.

Stem are considered as the building blocks of our bodies. A single stem cell is capable of developing into several specialized cells and organs like blood cells, brain etc. preservation of stem cells is of immense medical importance nowadays because with the help of stem cells several diseases can be cured such as thalassemia, leukemia, neuroblastoma etc. the dead and differentiated cells can be replaced by stem cells. Again injured cells can be repaired using stem cell transplant. Hence preservation of stem cells from the babies may prove to be beneficial in curing several ailments. The umbilical cord lining of the baby is collected, stored and preserved for such purposes.

The toxic effect of medication in children is a severe issue nowadays. Drugs having severe side effects must be monitored properly and should pass the safe pharmaceutical level. Adverse drug experiences must be routinely examined by the hospitals. ADRs over a prolonged period of time may result in making the patient disabled or can even lead to death. Hence before administering drugs to children, the drug must be monitored crucially via routine clinical trials.